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Repetition of one expression as function of another one

A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written.^[i] In oral spoken language, it is the representation of an utterance (i.e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such equally a verb of saying. For case: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks.^[2] Quotations are also used to present well-known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by commendation to their original source; such statements are marked with (punctuated with) quotation marks.

Quotations are oft used as a literary device to represent someone'due south point of view. They are likewise widely used in speech when an interlocutor wishes to nowadays a proposition that they take come to know via hearsay.

Every bit a literary device [edit]

A quotation tin also refer to the repeated use of units of whatever other form of expression, especially parts of artistic works: elements of a painting, scenes from a picture or sections from a musical composition.

Reasons for using [edit]

Quotations are used for a diversity of reasons: to illuminate the significant or to support the arguments of the work in which information technology is existence quoted, to provide direct data about the piece of work existence quoted (whether in gild to discuss it, positively or negatively), to pay homage to the original piece of work or author, to make the user of the quotation seem well-read, and/or to comply with copyright law.^[3] Quotations are also commonly printed as a means of inspiration and to invoke philosophical thoughts from the reader. Pragmatically speaking, quotations can as well exist used as linguistic communication games (in the Wittgensteinian sense of the term) to manipulate social order and the structure of gild.^{[4] [five]}

Common sources [edit]

Famous quotations are frequently collected in books that are sometimes called quotation dictionaries or treasuries. Of these, Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, The Oxford Lexicon of Quotations, The Columbia Lexicon of Quotations, The Yale Book of Quotations and The Macmillan Book of Proverbs, Maxims, and Famous Phrases are considered amongst the about reliable and comprehensive sources. Diaries and calendars oft include quotations for entertainment or inspirational purposes, and small-scale, dedicated sections in newspapers and weekly magazines—with recent quotations past leading personalities on current topics—have also go commonplace.

Misquotations [edit]

Many quotations are routinely incorrect or attributed to the wrong authors, and quotations from obscure or unknown writers are often attributed to far more than famous writers. Examples of this are Winston Churchill, to whom many political quotations of uncertain origin are attributed, and Oscar Wilde, to whom bearding humorous quotations are sometimes attributed.^[vi]

The Star Expedition catchphrase "Beam me upwardly, Scotty" did not appear in that form in the original serial. Other misquotations include "Just the facts, ma'am" (attributed to Jack Webb'due south graphic symbol of Joe Fri on Dragnet), "Heavy lies the crown" from Shakespeare's Play Henry IV, Role ii, "Uncomplicated, my dear Watson" (attributed to Sherlock Holmes; information technology was, even so, said in the films The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and The Return of Sherlock Holmes), "Luke, I am your father" (attributed to Darth Vader in Star Wars), "Play it once more, Sam" (attributed to Ilsa in Casablanca), "Do you feel lucky, punk?" (attributed to Harry Callahan in Muddied Harry) and "Nosotros don't need no stinkin' badges!" (attributed to Gilt Chapeau in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre).^{[7] [8] [ix] [x]}

Quotative inversion [edit]

Quotative inversion occurs in sentences where the straight quotation tin occur before a verb of proverb or afterward a verb of saying. It tin trigger inversion of the verb and the verb's subject. Discipline-verb inversion occurs nigh often in written works, being rare in speech.^[eleven] Quotations may appear earlier the inverted verb, only can also announced after the field of study,^[12] such every bit: "I am going to follow you all the rest of my life," declared the man ^[12] and Said the woman: "I see you with both my eyes." ^[12]

Syntax [edit]

In syntactic terms, these direct quotations tin can exist presented in two forms. The beginning is as the complement of a quotative verb (e.g. Marie said: "My brother has arrived"), and the 2d existence as a head clause with a quotative offshoot (e.1000. "My brother has arrived", Marie announces).^[2] The verb phrase can exist further expanded to include a complement, such as: "They'll never arrive!" cried John to Mary. Subjects must precede the complement, otherwise the structure formed will be ungrammatical (e.chiliad. *"They'll never get in!" cried to Mary John).^[11] Quotative inversion is merely allowed when the verb is in the unproblematic present or the elementary past. The most mutual pairing is the verb said with a nominal discipline, such equally: "That's the whole problem," said Gwen.^[13] Additionally, substantive phrases are not permitted in improver to the bailiwick when inversion takes identify.^[eleven] They are immune only when there is no subject-verb inversion, or when function of a preposition phrase.^[12]

a. "Why?" Gabrielle asked the bellboy.^[12] - No subject-verb inversion

b. "Why?" asked Gabrielle of the attendant.^[12] - NP role of a preposition phrase

c. *"Why?" asked Gabrielle the attendant.^[12] - Subject field-verb inversion unlikely with an NP in addition to the subject

In English language, both verb-subject and subject-verb word orders are permitted:

a. "Don't turn dorsum!" warned Marcel.^[11] - Verb-bailiwick order

b. "Who'due south on start?" Swami demanded.^[11] - Subject-verb order

This however, is not the case in all languages. For example, in Peninsular Spanish, this inversion is non immune. Quotatives must follow verb-subject order:

a. «No, no es united nations enanito», rectifica el viejo. ^[14] - Verb-subject guild

"No, he is not a gnome", corrects the old homo.

b. *«No, no es un enanito», el viejo rectifica. ^[xv] - Subject area-verb order unlikely for introducing quotations

"No, he is non a gnome", the former man corrects.

In spoken discourse [edit]

Traditionally, quotations—more than specifically known every bit direct quotations^[16]—have been distinguished from indirect quotations. Direct quotations differ from indirect quotations in that they are reported from the perspective of the experiencer, while indirect quotations are reported from the perspective of the reporting speaker (due east.g. "He said: 'I am leaving now'" versus "He said (that) he was leaving immediately"); are complimentary in their syntactic grade, while indirect quotations are subject to language-specific structural requirements (e.g. indirect quotations in many Indo-European languages are required to have the syntactic class of a well-formed declarative subordinate clause); incorporate extralinguistic material and pragmatic markers, while indirect quotations do non. Crucially, direct quotations have a performative aspect (i.e. occur simultaneously with re-enactments of previous behaviours), which indirect quotations lack.^{[17] [16]}

Both direct and indirect quotations in spoken discourse are not intended to be verbatim reproductions of an utterance that has been produced. Instead, direct quotations convey the approximative pregnant of such an utterance along with the mode in which that utterance was produced. From a sociolinguistic perspective, a direct quotation in spoken discourse can therefore also exist divers as "a performance whereby speakers re-enact previous behaviour (speech communication/thought/audio/vocalisation effect and gesture) while assuming the dramatic role of the original source of this reported behaviour".^[17] Indirect quotations are but paraphrases of something that a reporting speaker heard.^[xviii]

Reasons for using [edit]

Quotations are employed in spoken soapbox for many reasons. They are ofttimes used by speakers to depict stories and events that accept occurred in the by to other interlocutors. The speaker does not necessarily have to have been an original participant in the story or event. Therefore, they can quote something that they did non hear firsthand. Quotations are also used to express thoughts that have never been uttered aloud prior to being quoted. For example, while telling a story, a speaker quotes inner thoughts that they had during a specific situation. Finally, speakers employ quotations to advise future dialogue for participants in a situation that may take place in the future. For example, two friends talk near their 10-year high school reunion that volition accept place in the future and suggest what they would say. While future dialogue can be proposed for a situation that volition likely happen, it can also be based on a state of affairs that will not actually have place. In the latter usage, the proposed dialogue only exists in the conversational context.^[19]

The quoted fabric is commonly not a verbatim replication of an utterance that someone originally said. Instead, quotations in spoken discourse reproduce what a speaker wishes to communicate to their recipients; quotations demonstrate something that someone said, the manner in which that person said it, and the electric current speaker's feelings well-nigh what was said.^{[nineteen] [16]} In this way, quotations are an especially constructive storytelling device; the speaker is able to give a voice to the protagonists in their stories themselves, which allows the speaker'southward audience to experience the state of affairs in the way that the speaker themselves experienced it.^[17]

Form [edit]

In most languages, quotations in spoken discourse are introduced past a verb of saying and a pronoun. For example, a quotation in English language can be introduced by "She said". In some languages, in that location is a soapbox marker in improver to the verb of saying that functions as exact quotation marks.^[18] For example, Japanese uses the quotative particle (a type of quotative mark) to forth with the conjugated verb of maxim itta:

Gloss: TOP=Topic Marker DAT=Dative NOM=Nominative COM=complementizer

ゆき	は	あなた	には	彼女	が	好き	と	言った。[18]
Yuki	wa	anata	ni wa	kanocho	ga	suki	to	itta.
Yuki	Pinnacle	you lot	DAT	her	NOM	similar	COM	said
"Yuki said that y'all liked her."

Verbs of proverb (known equally quotative verbs when used to innovate quotations) and quotative particles are used every bit quotative markers, which signal quotations in utterances.^[18] Quotative evidentials are besides used in some languages to indicate quoted speech (eastward.g. Cusco Quechua spoken in Peru, Nanti spoken in lowland southeastern Republic of peru, Laal spoken in Republic of chad).^{[xx] [21] [22]}

Quotative markers [edit]

Quotative markers are used to mark a section of an utterance as quoted speech communication (i.e. a quotation). In oral speech, quotative markers act as quotation marks and frequently include a verb of saying (due east.g. say). A quotative marker commonly appears either before or later on the reported spoken communication or thought, depending on the syntax of the language.^[18] For example, compare the following languages:

English [edit]

In English language, the quotative verb say occurs before the quotation:^[xviii]

a. She said "Will you respond the phone, will you reply the phone"^[23]

In American English, verbs such as be similar, go, and be all are not-standard quotatives that are commonly used in colloquial speech.^{[18] [24]} They are observed in the speech of young people not only in American English, but in other varieties of English also (e.yard. exist like in New Zealand English,^[25] exist like and go in Glasgow English language^[24]).^{[23] [24]} Though not semantically considered verbs of saying, they are used to convey the aforementioned significant every bit such verbs. Like say, be similar, go, and be all occur earlier the quotation:^[18]

b. I'grand like "I'thousand then sad you had to wait"^[23]

c. She went "Who are you lot going with?"^[24]

d. He's all "Okay, come up with me come with me"^[24]

In conversational speech, the use of say and exist like occurs at about the aforementioned frequency,^[23] though say tends to be used in more formal contexts (e.g. role hours between professors and students) and be similar tends to occur in more informal contexts (e.g. a chat between two young people).^[24]

In African American Vernacular English, talkin' 'bout occurs every bit a verb of quotation, introducing both direct and indirect quotes, as in:

e. They come talkin' 'bout they is scared of me!^{[26] [27]}

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the quotative particle to along with the verb of saying iu (say) occur afterward the quotation; the conjugated form of iu (say) is itta:^[18]

Gloss: Superlative=Topic Marker ACC=Accusative COM=Complementizer HON=Honorific/Polite form

太郎	は	晴海	を	憎んでいる	と	言った。[28]
Taro	wa	Harumi	o	nikundeiru	to	itta.
Taro	Pinnacle	Harumi	ACC	hated	COM	said
"Taro said that he hated Harumi." lit. "that 'I hated Harumi'"

The quotative particle to can also occur with verbs of thinking, such equally omou (recollect). Like to and iu (say), to and omou occur after the quotation.

Laal [edit]

In Laal, the quotative evidential mɨ́ is used for non-self quotation^[22] (i.e. quotation in which the speaker quotes someone else, not themself); it is used with a quotative verb ɓɨ́lá. The utilise of mɨ́ results in an indirect quotation translation. The quotative verb bɨ́lá occurs before the quotation, while the quotative evidential mɨ́ occurs inside the quoted speech já mɨ́ nyàg tāā wó:

Gloss: QEV=Quotative Evidential NEG=Negation

ài	ɓɨ́lá	mɨ́	já*i/j	mɨ́	nyàg	tāā	wó [22]
He	say	(say)that	I	QEV	eat	fish	NEG
"Hei said that I*i/j don't/didn't eat fish."

As the above judgement involves a non-self quotation, à (he) and já (I) take dissimilar indices to show that they refer to dissimilar referents; only this interpretation is well-formed. The interpretation in which they share identical indices is sick-formed (i.due east. ungrammatical), equally indicated past the asterisk.

In addition to quotative markers, speakers too apply prosodic shifts, pauses, pronominal choices, and tense to discover the occurrence and boundaries of quotations in spoken utterances.^[xviii]

Syntax [edit]

Dissimilar versions of quotative verbs, particles, and evidentials can be used to express the same thought with varying nuances, often to frame how the master speaker, or the person who is quoting, feels about a quotation. The syntax of quotations varies cross-linguistically. A primary speaker may use the tense and linguistic idiosyncrasies of the speech at the fourth dimension information technology was uttered in a quotation, independent from the tense in the principal clause in some languages, or utilise the same tense in both the chief clause and quotation in other languages. They volition besides use coreferenced pronouns to the straight quotation's first-person subject in the main clause: She_x said, "I_ten..."; they_y said "we_y ..." In many languages, the chief speaker may as well endeavour to quote an utterance in the same language the original speaker used, even if an interlocutor does not sympathise it; all the same, information technology is mainly context-dependent such as when telling stories.^{[29] [30] [31]}

Quotative verbs [edit]

Quotative verbs are lexical verbs that bespeak the speech, thoughts, or perceptions of the original speaker.^{[29] [30]}

Quotations can be introduced equally the complement to a quotative verb or as the head phrase to an adjunct phrase containing a quotative verb in some languages like English language and French.^{[ii] [31]}

	Quotation as complement	Quotation as head phrase adjunct [ii]
English	Marie said, "My brother has arrived."	"My brother has arrived," Marie said.
French	Marie a dit, "Mon frère est arrivé."	"Monday frère est arrivé," comme a dit Marie.

English besides displays verb-2nd (V2) guild vestige only in quotation contexts (quotative inversion), requiring the finite verb to appear in the second position of a clause. For case: "No no no" says Harry.^[31]

Straight and indirect quotations are sometimes not distinguishable. Traditionally, English uses an overt complementizer that afterward a quotative verb to bespeak indirect quotation, but it is also seen to prompt direct quotation in some English varieties similar Indian English, Hong Kong English, and Kenyan English language.

Hong Kong English	Later on the movie I only said that "Oh Frank I cannot walk."[31]
Indian English	Never a hubby says that "I'll make a cup of tea okay, yous sit. I'll make a cup of tea."
Kenyan English	So Kabuwe Abuwe told us that "If it is for wedding I am not going to contribute."

Quotative verb "be like" in English language.

The newer quotative verb be like in English is used to merely introduce direct quotations. Be like includes the employ of the demonstrative that, which is nix in most English language varieties, only tin can be optionally overt in some varieties like Glasgow English language. Dutch'south quotative verb hebben zoiets van has a similar construction to Standard American English language in that it has a cypher demonstrative that precedes the quotation. It differs from the English structures in that it uses an overt quantifier zoiets to be well-formed.^[32]

Standard North American English	Glasgow English	Dutch[32]
[TP Aaron [T' was [PP like [DP ∅ [QUOTE I detest you]]]]]	[TP Aaron [T' was [PP like [DP ∅ [QUOTE I hate you]]]]]	[TP Ik [T' hebben [DP zoiets [PP van [DP ∅ [QUOTE I hate you]]]]]
*[TP Aaron [T' was [PP like [DP that [QUOTE I hate yous]]]]]	[TP Aaron [T' was [PP similar [DP that [QUOTE I hate you]]]]]	*[TP Ik [T' hebben [DP ∅ [PP van [DP ∅ [QUOTE I hate you]]]]]

Quotative particles [edit]

Quotative or hearsay particles are grammatical markers equivalent to full lexical verbs with meanings of "say, mention, tell, etc." In many languages, they are grammaticalized to unlike extremes from their previously lexical form. Common patterns of grammaticalization trajectories include verb to complementizer in many African and Asian languages and verb to tense-aspect-mood markers primarily in African languages, but also in Australian languages and multiple other language families.^{[31] [33]}

Quotative Particle "-tte" and "to" in Japanese.

Japanese, for case, uses a sentence-final quotative particle tte verbally to hateful "I heard (quote)" with some uncertainty. In sentence-medial position, tte is sometimes regarded forth with to to be either a quotative particle or complementizer meaning "I heard (quote)" with less dubiety and often more cognition of the origin of the quote.

Gloss: QP=Quotative Particle FP=Concluding Particle

明日	晴れる	-って[33]
ashita	hareru	tte.
tomorrow	will-be-fine	QP
"It will exist fine tomorrow, I heard."

明日	晴れる	って/と	言ってた	よ[33]
ashita	hareru	-tte/to	itteta	yo.
tomorrow	volition-be-fine	QP	said	FP
"(X) said that information technology would be fine tomorrow."

Verbs of maxim are highly restricted in Australian languages and almost always immediately go on the complement verb.

Gloss: PL=Plural FUT=Time to come Tense PST=Past Tense OBL=Oblique Example IRR= Irregular

Ngarinyin example ^[31]

wurlan	wurr-u-miyangga	bud-ma-ra-ngarrugu
word	3PL-FUT-know	3PL-say-PST-1PL.OBL.IRR
"They will know this word" they said to us.

Quotative evidentials [edit]

Quotative or hearsay evidentials provide knowledge of who or where information originated from in speech communication based on logical assumption. Languages indicate this in various means: through grammatical marking, additional words and phrases, prosody, gestures, or systematic affixes of verbs. Quotative readings of evidentials are typologically rare. For example, English language can express evidentials with an optional adverb, "Allegedly, Annie pulled the trigger." The interlocutor then knows the source of the quotation is from elsewhere, but this is not a quotative reading as there is no straight performative quoting or verbs of maxim. Languages including Cusco Quechua, Kham, Tagalog, and Kaalallisut are documented as containing quotative evidentials. In languages with "true" quotative evidentials (which usually introduce quoted statements), it is too possible for them to occur with interrogatives and imperatives, yielding quoted interrogatives and quoted imperatives.^{[20] [34]} Like to quotative particles, quotative evidentials are usually grammaticalized from full lexical verbs.^[35]

Nhêengatú, a Tupí-Guaraní lingua franca of North-West Amazonia, has a reported evidential marker paá. An example scenario is equally follows: X saw John get angling. Mary then and asks 10 where John went. X replies "u-sú u-piniatika" (he went fishing). Later, Peter asks Mary where John went. She replies to Peter that she did not come across John go herself, but rather heard it from a different source using the evidential marker "u-sú u-piniatika paá." ^[36]

Gloss: REP=Reported Evidential Marker

u-sú	u-piniatika	paá [36]
3sg-get	3sg-fish	REP
"He went fishing (they say/I was told)"

Quotative Evidential "=si" in Cusco Quechua.

Tagalog's quotative evidentials are used with imperative quotations.^[twenty]

Gloss: INF=Infix REP=Reported Evidential Mark

kumain	(ka)	daw [20]
eat.INF	(you)	REP
Someone said: Eat!

Cusco Quechua'due south quotative evidential comes as a derivation of a clitic, =si, for interrogative quotations.^[20]

Gloss: ACC=Accusative REP=Reported Evidential Mark Tiptop=Topic PST=By Tense

pi-ta=s	Inés-qa	watuku-sqa [20]
who-ACC=REP	Inés-TOP	visit-PST
Someone said: Who did Inés visit?

See as well [edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Quotation

Wikisource has original works on the topic: Quotations

• Block quotation
• Escape graphic symbol
• Fallacy of quoting out of context
• Musical quotation
• Nested quotation
• Scare quotes
• Sic
• Use–mention distinction
• Quotation mark

References [edit]

1. ^ McArthur, Tom; Lam-McArthur, Jacqueline; Fontaine, Lisa, eds. (2018). The Oxford Companion to the English Language (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN9780191744389.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Bonami, Olivier; Godard, Danièle (2008). "On the Syntax of Direct Quotation in French". HAL . Retrieved ten April 2020.
3. ^ "English Grammar Lesson - Using Quotes! - ELC". ELC - English Center. 2016-xi-16. Retrieved 2017-x-24 .
4. ^ Capone, A., & Salmani Nodoushan, M. A. (2014). On indirect reports and linguistic communication games: Evidence from Persian. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio, eight(2), 26-42.
5. ^ Salmani Nodoushan, M. A. (2015). The secret life of slurs from the perspective of reported speech. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio, 9(two), 92-112.
6. ^ See A Book of Misquotations, edited by Elizabeth Knowles, Oxford University Printing, 2006.
7. ^ The Holmes phrase originated in a radio play. See List of misquotations and "Elementary, My Dear Watson" at Snopes.com
8. ^ Webb did say: "All we want are the facts ma'am". See Just the facts, ma'am, List of misquotations and "Just the Facts" at Snopes.com
9. ^ Greatest Film Misquotes - Part ii, Tim Dirks at filmsite.org
10. ^ We Dont Need No Stinkin Badges! on YouTube although the concluding of these is spoken by one of the Mexican Bandits that Hedley Lamarr attempts to hire equally mercenaries in Blazing Saddles
11. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Collins, Chris; Branigan, Phil (February 1997). "Quotative Inversion". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. fifteen (1): 1–41. doi:10.1023/A:1005722729974. S2CID 189899706.
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Bruening, Benjamin (15 April 2016). "Alignment in Syntax: Quotative Inversion in English language". Syntax. 19 (2): 113. doi:10.1111/synt.12121.
13. ^ Cichosz, Anna (March 2019). "Parenthetical reporting clauses in the history of English: the evolution of quotative inversion". English language Language and Linguistics. 23 (ane): 183–214. doi:10.1017/S1360674317000594. S2CID 125456450. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
14. ^ Suñer, Margarita (Baronial 2000). "The Syntax of Direct Quotes with Special Reference to Spanish and English language". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. eighteen (3): 532. JSTOR 4047939.
15. ^ Matos, Gabriel (2013). "Quotative Inversion in Peninsular Portuguese and Castilian, and in English language". Catalan Journal of Linguistics. 12: 112. doi:10.5565/rev/catjl.86.
16. ^ ^{a b c} Clark, Herbert; Gerrig, Richard (December 1990). "Quotations equally Demonstrations". Language. 66 (iv): 764–805. doi:x.2307/414729. JSTOR 414729. S2CID 143541258. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b c} Buchstaller, Isabelle (2014). Quotatives: New Trends and Sociolinguistic Implications (1st ed.). Wiley Blackwell. ISBN9780470657188.
18. ^ ^{a b c d due east f thou h i j} Tracy, Karen, ed. (2015). The international encyclopedia of language and social interaction. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 1272–1276. ISBN9781118611463.
19. ^ ^{a b} Sams, Jessie (November 2010). "Quoting the unspoken: An analysis of quotations in spoken discourse". Journal of Pragmatics. 42 (xi): 3147–3160. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.04.024. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Korotkova, Natasha (2017). "Evidentials and (relayed) spoken communication acts: hearsay as quotation". Proceedings of Common salt 25. 25: 676–694. doi:10.3765/table salt.v25i0.3969.
21. ^ LaPolla, Randy; De Busser, Rik, eds. (2015). Language Structure and Environment. John Benjamins. pp. 99–103.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Lionnet, Florian. "More than reported speech: Quotative evidentiality in Laal" (PDF) . Retrieved nineteen April 2020.
23. ^ ^{a b c d} Frederica Barbieri. Quotative Use in American English, Journal of English language Linguistics, Vol. 33/No.3, September 2005.
24. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f} Ahrenholz, Bernt; Bredel, Ursula; Klein, Wolfgang; Rost-Roth, Martina; Skiba, Romuald, eds. (2008). Empirische Forschung und Theoriebildung. Frankfurt am Principal: Peter Lang. pp. 117–128. ISBN978-3-631-56930-6.
25. ^ King, Brian (2010). ""All us girls were similar euuh!": Conversational work of exist like in New Zealand boyish talk". New Zealand English Journal. 24: 17–36. Retrieved 19 Apr 2020.
26. ^ Jones, Taylor (2016-12-01). "AAE Talmbout: An Overlooked Verb of Quotation". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 22 (2).
27. ^ Cukor-Avila, Patricia (2002). "She say, She get, She be like: Verbs of Quotation over Time in African American Colloquial English". American Speech. 77 (1): iii–31. doi:x.1215/00031283-77-i-3. ISSN 1527-2133. S2CID 143904503.
28. ^ Florian Coulmas (Ed.). Direct and Indirect Spoken language (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs), p.164. ISBN 978-3110105995
29. ^ ^{a b} Evans, Nicholas (2012). "Some problems in the typology of quotation: a canonical arroyo". Canonical Morphology and Syntax. Oxford University Printing.
30. ^ ^{a b} Klamer, Marian (2000). "How report verbs get quote markers and complementisers". Lingua. 110 (2): 69–98. doi:10.1016/S0024-3841(99)00032-7. hdl:1887/18278 . Retrieved 13 Apr 2020.
31. ^ ^{a b c d e f} D'Arcy, Alexandra (2015). "Quotation and advances in agreement syntactic systems". Annual Review of Linguistics. ane (1): 43–61. doi:x.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-125220.
32. ^ ^{a b} Haddican, William; Zweig, Eytan; Johnson, Daniel Ezra (2012). "The syntax of be like quotatives" (PDF). Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics: 81–89.
33. ^ ^{a b c} Matsui, Tomoko; Yamamoto, Taeko (2013). "Developing sensitivity to the sources of information: Early employ of the Japanese quotative particles tte and to in mother–child chat". Journal of Pragmatics. 59: 5–25. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.06.008. Retrieved 13 Apr 2020.
34. ^ San Roque, Lila (2019). "Evidentiality". Almanac Review of Anthropology. 48: 353–370. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011243.
35. ^ Chojnicka, Joanna. "Latvian verbs of speaking and their relations to evidentiality". Kalbotyra (69): 59–81.
36. ^ ^{a b} Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y (2014). The grammer of knowledge: a cross-linguistic view of evidentials, and the expression of information source. Oxford University Press. p.4-5. ISBN 9780198701316

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation

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